Charles Hoskinson, the founder of the proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchain platform Cardano (ADA), has identified five areas of human development that will define the 21st century: artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, synthetic biology, nanotechnology, and blockchain technology. AI is the first and biggest of these, as it is the first time humans have been able to extend their cognition to a global scale. Quantum computing is the next step, as it provides new capabilities and could potentially crack Bitcoin’s security. Synthetic biology is the area where technology is used to manipulate and change organisms, such as in de-extinction and adding new capabilities to human tissue. Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale, while blockchain technology is the distributed ledger technology that underpins cryptocurrencies.