This Special Issue aims to attract high-quality research studies and reviews from scholars, professors, researchers and engineers that advance the application of state-of-the-art artificial intelligence concepts in neuroscience and neurological disease diagnostic systems. AI-based methods are of particular importance in the medical diagnosis of neurological diseases, where machine learning is a powerful tool for the early detection of biomarkers of various neurological disorders. The rapid development of AI technologies suggests that the ambitious goal formulated can be achieved by applying AI concepts. Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website.