The race is on to develop commercial quantum computers, which promise breakthroughs in simulating materials, optimizing processes and improving machine learning. However, the route to delivering economic benefits is uncertain, as the digital revolution took decades to become successful. Quantum computers operate differently from digital computers, using qubits to represent many states at once and speed up calculations. In the long run, businesses adopting quantum computing should have a competitive edge, but in the short term, it is unclear how much value they will bring. The introduction of digital computers in the 1970s and 1980s caused a productivity paradox, as businesses had to invest in new equipment and learn how to use them, before productivity growth rose again in the 1990s.
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