This special issue focuses on current AI-driven approaches to clinical neuroscience and an assessment of the associated key methodological and ethical challenges. AI-based approaches provide great opportunities for making new discoveries about the brain, improving current preventative and diagnostic models and developing more effective assistive neurotechnologies. This special issue will discuss fundamentals of AI in neurobiology and neurology, its applications and use cases in various areas of neurobiology and neurology, and how AI-based algorithms can transform the management of neurological diseases.