Cephalometric Landmark Detection Without X-rays Combining Coordinate Regression And Heatmap Regression

This article discusses a model for detecting cephalometric landmarks using only facial profile images without X-rays. The proposed two-stage learning method enables a highly accurate estimation of the landmark positions using only facial profile images, and the results indicate that X-rays may not be required when detecting cephalometric landmarks. Experiments results suggested that the proposed method may perform at a level equal to or potentially better than existing methods using cephalograms.