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Automation technologies have had a major impact on the economic history of humanity since the Industrial Revolution, leading to sectoral reallocations of labour and social change. Between the 1970s and early 2020s, advances in machinery, computers, and digital technologies led to the automation of ‘middle-skilled’ tasks, resulting in a ‘polarisation’ of the labour market. Beginning in the 2010s, machine learning has the potential to further automate tasks, leading to a new wave of automation that could have a significant impact on the labour market.